An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of how a building uses energy. Getting accurate data requires specific tools to perform the right tests. You might think a blower door and a thermal imaging camera would be the most commonly used tools during an audit—and I do use them often—but there are a couple I use more. The following is a look into an energy auditor’s toolbox.

Priority testing

Health and safety will always trump energy conservation, and the presence of carbon monoxide is something I can easily measure. This odorless and colorless gas can be harmful and even deadly in high concentrations. I own a portable, wearable CO monitor that alerts me if CO is at a dangerous level; it also indicates the concentration. Another health and safety−related tool I own is a gas detector. This portable device “sniffs” for gas leaks. I rarely need it but it is useful in pinpointing the source of a gas leak, if I suspect one.

Sometimes my senses are the main tool. Sight, hearing, touch, and smell are all important and often help to determine which other tools to use. For example, a musty odor indicates dampness, which requires some investigation. In this case, I will use a humidity/temperature pen to check the humidity level around the location of the odor. I may also need to check moisture levels of building components. I have two moisture meters—one is a no-contact instrument, the other is pinned. I often start with the no-contact option to avoid damaging finished surfaces, and will use the pin meter if I find an area of concern. Both are made by Extech Instruments; neither is a high-end model, but they both give me valuable ballpark information.

Biggest issue, most-used tools

The majority of energy audits I perform are the result of big electricity bills. The clients want to know why their energy consumption is so high. In such cases, I’m testing a home’s electrical service panel and plug-in appliances. For this, I use a clamp-on ammeter to test amperage being drawn by either an individual circuit or by the entire panel. 

I also have leads to check the voltage coming into a house; voltage can be another contributor to a high bill. For checking usage of individual plug-in appliances, I have a Kill-A-Watt meter. The information from these two devices gives me a snapshot of usage at the time of testing. If I need more detailed information, I request hourly meter readings from the electricity provider, who can provide usage for any period of time, which is helpful if the usage testing isn’t conclusive during the audit.

The one absolute must-have

Having a blower door is a must for an energy auditor. Air leakage has many effects on a home. Cost of heating and cooling, comfort, durability, humidity levels, sound transmission, odors, and indoor air quality can all be affected by how tight a structure is, and the only way to know is to test. I own two blower-door kits, a Minneapolis Blower Door and one made by Retrotec. I often control the blower door with either a tablet or laptop computer—my Microsoft Surface comes along on every audit. I can also control the blower door with my cell phone.

In order to perform a blower-door test, it’s necessary to calculate the house’s square footage, volume, and surface area. The easiest way to determine those things is by using a laser measuring device. It’s a matter of pointing the laser at a surface and reading the measurement from the laser to that surface. It’s fast and easy but it doesn’t always work, especially outdoors in bright sunlight where you can’t see the laser. In such cases, I use a measuring wheel or an old-school tape measure.

The blower door will indicate a home’s airtightness, but other tools are needed to find the air leaks. The most common tool used for this purpose is a thermal imaging camera. This type of camera indicates temperature differences in its field of view. When used during a blower-door test, the temperature differences displayed on the camera often indicate air leaks, although they can also be indication of  thermal bridging or an area of higher moisture content, such as a water leak. The drawback with a thermal imaging camera is that there needs to be a temperature difference between inside and outside the home in order to see anything. Another way to check for air leakage is with smoke. I own a smoke pencil, a smoke puffer, and a theatrical smoke generator—all are tools to help make air movement visible.

Occasionally, I need to test small area of a wall or ceiling that contains a penetration such as an outlet, switch box, or heating/cooling system grill. If improperly sealed, these “holes” in the air control layer can be sources of air leaks. A pressure pan used in conjunction with a blower-door test will indicate if the penetration is leaking air.

The “brain” behind a blower-door kit is the manometer or digital pressure gauge. This tool has many functions, including testing pressures in forced-air heating and cooling systems and checking natural pressures inside a home in relation to outside or in relation to adjacent rooms. The manometer can even be used to check balance in mechanical ventilation systems like energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) or heat recovery ventilators (HRVs). The center gauge pictured below is an early analog blower-door manometer from around 1990.

Less common but helpful

Another tool that is starting to be used more widely is one that tests the tightness of ducts. It is designed to either pressurize or depressurize a duct system in order to determine air leakage. Current building codes require duct tightness testing any time a duct leaves the conditioned space. Also, I have heard of some home-certification programs that require all ducts be tested whether or not they leave the conditioned space. This type of testing is best done before the ducts are concealed by wall and ceiling finishes, but the test can be completed any time.

Testing exhaust equipment such as bathroom and kitchen fans is often overlooked when commissioning a house. I use a few different flow hoods that allow me to verify the cubic feet per minute (CFM) rate of an exhaust fan. You can read more about exhaust fan testing here.

A tool I own but have not used in several years is a stack gas analyzer. This device measures flue gases to determine if the combustion appliance is operating efficiently and at the proper fuel-to-air ratio. I tend not to use it because it is not me who will be making adjustments to appliances. I recommend clients have annual maintenance done by someone trained to tune, adjust, and repair combustion appliances. 

Sometimes I need to look into tight places like walls or inaccessible attics, unfilled concrete blocks, or through pipes. I own a small, older borescope camera called a SeeSnake. It is attached to a flexible rod and works well in hard-to-reach places. The model I have doesn’t take photos, but it does provide a live view, which is often enough to find a problem.

My cell phone is another tool I use during energy auditing. I have an app that calculates dew point temperatures, others that allow me to control my blower doors remotely, and of course a weather app. I also use the calculator and camera—photos are especially helpful when it comes to homeowner education.

These are the energy auditing tools I have accumulated over the past dozen or so years, many of which can be used across trades.

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Randy Williams is a residential energy auditor and builder in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Photos courtesy of the author.